by Bill Holloway
A review of one of Australia’s first novels
The ‘first’ Australian novel is contested, but Gertrude the Emigrant: A Tale of Colonial Life (1857) is the first novel whose author was born in Australia. Louisa Atkinson (1834-1872) was born on her parent’s property, Oldbury, in the region of Sutton Forest, NSW around 100 kms south west of Sydney in the Southern Highlands. This seems to be the setting for Gertrude though Louisa was mostly brought up in Sydney and was living at Kurrajong, further north, in the Blue Mountains when she wrote this in her twenties.
Louisa’s father died when she was young. Her mother, Charlotte Barton, remarried, badly, lost control of Oldbury, and brought up her children as a single mother while fighting the executors of her first husband’s estate through the courts. Charlotte seems to have been both a gifted and a determined woman. See her ADB entry (here) for more.
Gertrude in the novel is the orphaned daughter of a German father and English mother, brought up in Dorset by her great uncle, a schoolmaster. On her arrival in Sydney at age 19 she is plucked off the ship by Mrs Doherty, a widow and considerable property owner, to be her companion housekeeper.
“I WANT an honest decent girl if you have such a thing,” said a lady, to the Immigration Agent, on board of a newly arrived ship in Port Jackson. After musing and biting the end of his pen for a few moments he enquired,
“As a house servant?”
“Yes. Rather beyond that, as a responsible person, a sort of housekeeper; one that will not be above putting her hand into the cheese vat, or the beef cask; you understand.”
“Perfectly Madam.” And he mused again. “Yes, I think we have. Here Gertrude Gonthier.”
A young girl stepped forward with a modest air, feeling like a slave put up at an auction mart.
The novel takes the form of a relatively simple romance – the superintendent of Mrs Doherty’s properties, Mr Tudor, is an upright young man, though of course Gertrude’s head is turned by Charles, the dashing son of Mrs Doherty’s neighbour – but with the added elements of murder mystery, bush fire, a lost child, and Gertrude’s descent into service, before all is resolved acceptably in the last chapter.
What makes it most interesting, not just for being ‘first’, is the detailed descriptions of the country, of country life, and of country people. Atkinson is a talented writer. We like and understand her principal characters – Gertrude, Mrs Doherty, Mr Tudor, Charles – but there are a large number of secondary characters, individual, well described, and likeable.
There are Aboriginal people living on the edges of Mrs Doherty’s property and it is notable that they are described sympathetically, and where appropriate, individually. Late in the novel Gertrude, in service to another family, is at the mouth of the Shoalhaven River and is taken to see a gathering of tribes who have dammed part of the river to capture fish.
The fishing and feasting might last for several days; the natives from
some distance were assembled, and altogether it was a nearer approach to
the days antecedent of the Europeans, than any thing the party had
previously witnessed in Australia.
The period is the 1850s, so the Goldrushes are well underway, though this has seemingly not caused the manpower problems described by Henry Kingsley, and later by Miles Franklin writing as Brent of Bin Bin. Both those authors describe the good country in the Southern Highlands as having already been taken up when their protagonists arrive in NSW, so their properties are further south, in the mountains, where Mrs Doherty also has two or three secondary properties, only vaguely described because that was not country Atkinson was in.
We see both grazing properties, “thousands of acres”, and farming properties, just tens of acres, closer in to Sydney, being cleared by axe and fire. We see country life and town life, with monied women – not many men – reaching up towards middle class gentility, sending their daughters away for a year “to learn their letters and to play the pianny”.
But above all, we are in the presence of a moral and religious young woman who is trying to live her life, not just by doing no harm, but by doing good. Mrs Gaskell, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Kingsley all wrote in this way, and around the same time, so I am left wondering by whom she (and they) might have been influenced. Certainly The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678), but who more recent?
I am interested that both Mrs Doherty and Gertrude have elements of independence, but only elements. Mrs Doherty prefers to be out and about on her property, rather than be stuck in the house, but when it comes down to it she falls in a heap without her supervisor. She’s no Mary Reiby or Elizabeth Macarthur! Likewise, Gertrude is always willing to work, to support herself. Though I am unsure why, when she has to leave the property, she does not attempt to remain in the lower middle class as a school teacher or governess, rather than seamstressing. Gertrude never falls in a heap, but she is sure all the same that she would prefer not to remain single.
The National Library site says ” [Atkinson] cannot avoid a wandering mode of picaresque”, which is true, but more importantly, “this is a novel which refuses to understand Australian colonial as English life transported elsewhere” and in that it can be seen as antecedent to Barbara Baynton, say, rather than Atkinson’s contemporary, Catherine Helen Spence, or later writers like Rosa Praed and Ada Cambridge.
Atkinson went on to write a second novel, Cowanda, The Veteran’s Grant (1859). She was also a talented artist, providing illustrations for both her novels (for instance the frontispiece above), and was an important early amateur botanist. She married ‘late’ and died aged just 38 following the birth of a daughter.
Caroline Louisa Atkinson
Gertrude the Emigrant: A Tale of Colonial Life
first pub. 1857
republished Mulini Press, Canberra, 1998
see also:
A list of writers from this period with links to reviews, at The Australian Legend (here)
Extract: A view of local Indigenous people still living traditional lives (coming Fri. 18 Feb 22)
Bill Holloway, the author of this review, blogs at The Australian Legend. He is an old white guy the subject of whose (very) mature age M.Litt thesis was ‘The Independent Woman in Australian Literature’.
Thank you, Bill, for your thoughtful review of Atkinson’s Gertrude the Emigrant. For anyone wanting to read the book, an electronic edition is available via the University of Sydney’s Australian Digital Collections: https://adc.library.usyd.edu.au/view?docId=ozlit/xml-main-texts/p00076.xml
Thank you Tessa, yes that is the version I used. I forget now how I found it. But I see, following your link, that there are 130 novels in the DIgital Collection, including Atkinson’s second, Cowanda.
Thanks so much for the relevant information. I was able to share it to my digital books & look forward to reading what sounds like an entertaining read.
That’s our ambition to give these older books the readership and critical scrutiny they deserve.
Enjoyed this review Bill. I particularly liked your references to her likeness in approach to Mrs Gaskell, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Kingsley, and your question about their inspiration or antecedents.
It’s interesting how important it was to these writers that their protagonists live both moral and useful lives. CH Spence and Catherine Martin were similarly concerned. This might be where first wave feminism begins (perhaps not including Kingsley) with mid century women writers arguing for middle class women to live good and productive lives and not necessarily within marriage.
Yes, good point. We often argue that Austen is a proto-feminist . She was still focusing on marriage but on one in which women had a say in the matter. Charlotte Lucas being the old-fashioned foil to 4221 e’s modern woman?
Fascinating story Bill, I like that you started at the very beginning with “the first novel whose author was born in Australia.”
This prompted something in my brain though…where you aware that Louisa’s mother also wrote a book? A children’s book.
Her gr-gr-gr-gr-granddaughters are Kate Forsyth & Belinda Murrell and they wrote a book about Charlotte (interview with Kate here – https://kateforsyth.com.au/writing-journal/the-fascinating-story-of-the-woman-who-wrote-australias-first-childrens-book-my-great-great-great-grandmother)
Thanks Bron, I was aware, but Barton wasn’t born in Australia. Hastily follows ADB link, “christened on 13 March 1796 at St Mary’s, Marylebone, London”. I do think though that she is a very interesting person.
What do you think of the new format? I think it’s coming along nicely.
Hi Bill, I have finally caught up on the new-look site, reading through the posts I’ve missed and playing with the tabs and some of their links. Very impressive! The three of you have put together an amazing resource and I’m enjoying seeing it come together.
The choices so far have been fascinating. I hadn’t heard about Mrs Fenton,and I knew more about Louisa Atkinson’s mother (and gr gr granddaughters) than I did about her. I almost wish I could go back in time and devout myself to reading Australian Women Writers!
I’m sensing a chronological approach to your posts, starting with the first letter writers, then the first Australian born novelists?
I will be returning to many of these posts, looking for names and dates, I’m sure…can I suggest some kind of list with links? Perhaps added to their names in the magnificent archive menu already in place (ie. read extract here or Bill’s post on Gertrude the Immigrant here). Even using the widget that highlights the most recent ten posts in the sidebar could be helpful to people like me?
Michelle’s introductory post was an inspired choice to kick things off. Again, I would suggest pinning this to the sidebar (guest posts?), or featuring it in the ‘about’ tab, so that as time goes by, new vistors can read it, or returning readers can find it again easily.
I’m looking forward to meeting the next AWW.
*were
Bron, thank you for that thoughtful reply. The progression does look chronological doesn’t it. Certainly I chose Michelle’s piece for the first guest spot because it sets the tone so well, and Elizabeth and I have some other early works in the pipeline as well, but as you’ll see, we won’t stay down in the 1850s for very long, but will move around a bit to cover the whole range available to us.
We did think about themed months for instance, but this year will be a period of settling in. Later in the year we might reflect a bit on how we should go forward, and I hope you contribute to that.
I like the ideas you’ve suggested here. We are discussing how to use our old database and what a new one might look like. I like the idea that important posts don’t just slide back as time passes, and as you say, that there might be a beginning that new readers can start from. Lots more to be done!
This sounds so interesting and how fascinating that it’s sympathetic to the Indigenous peoples, not what I was expecting. Good to know there’s a collection available online.
Good to see you here, Liz. Women writers were generally more sympathetic than men, though both often revealed a great deal of unconscious racism. But it was certainly a far more thoughtful work than I was expecting.
Sue’s post later this week will give you more places these old novels may still be found.
I thoroughly enjoyed reading this and I liked the image of the early publication of this story too.
I’m glad you liked it. I still have Canada’s ‘first book’ on my kindle to read. I should get a move on and read it. I just checked Gertrude’s publication details and the original publisher was in Sydney and not in England or Scotland as was the case with many Australians, so now I wonder if it ever got any circulation outside NSW. I would like to have seen Atkinson head to head with the Brontes.
Thanks, Bill, I’ve finally caught up with the extract from Gertrude, and it inspired my post next week on Indigenous representations. I’d be interested to know Atkinson’s source for Mr Tudor’s description of his encounter with the Indigenous tribe on the Shoalhaven: it’s so detailed and interesting.
The NLA reviewer says “The novel draws on authorial and family memories” which isn’t very helpful. ADB says nothing but Wikipedia says Atkinson lived briefly at Shoalhaven, presumably at some time during her childhood.